@article {1636209,
	title = {Thermal Modulation of Gigahertz Surface Acoustic Waves on Lithium Niobate},
	journal = {Physical Review Applied},
	number = {18},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {Surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) devices have a wide range of applications in microwave signal processing. Microwave SAW components benefit from higher quality factors and much smaller crosstalk when compared to their electromagnetic counterparts. Efficient routing and modulation of SAWs are essential for building large-scale and versatile acoustic wave circuits. Here, we demonstrate integrated thermoacoustic modulators using two SAW platforms: bulk lithium niobate and thin-film lithium niobate on sapphire. In both approaches, the gigahertz-frequency SAWs are routed by integrated acoustic waveguides, while on-chip microheaters are used to locally change the temperature, and thus, control the phase of the SAW. Using this approach, we achieve phase changes of over 720{\textdegree} with the responsibility of 2.6{\textdegree}/mW for bulk lithium niobate and 0.52{\textdegree}/mW for lithium niobate on sapphire. Furthermore, we demonstrate amplitude modulation of SAWs using acoustic Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Our thermoacoustic modulators can enable reconfigurable acoustic signal processing for next-generation wireless communications and microwave systems.},
	url = {https://journals-aps-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/prapplied/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.054078},
	author = {Shao, Linbo and Ding, Sophie W. and Yunwei Ma and Yuhao Zhang and Neil Sinclair and Loncar, Marko}
}
